The Punjabi diaspora
From the harvest fields of Punjab to the cities of five continents - Punjabis have built homes, temples, and communities across the world while carrying their language and culture with them. This is where they went.
From Punjab to the world
Each thread traces a migration; each glowing node is a community, sized by population. Tap a country to jump to its story.
Punjabi communities span Canada, the UK, the USA, Australia, Italy, the UAE & Gulf, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, East Africa, Spain, Germany, Singapore, New Zealand and beyond - explore each below.
One homeland, a global family
Punjabi is the native language of more than 150 million people, but its story stretches far beyond Punjab's borders. Over a century of migration - driven by empire, partition, opportunity, and ambition - has carried Punjabis to Britain, Canada, the United States, Australia, Italy and dozens of other nations. Today, people of Punjabi origin form some of the largest and most visible minority communities in the Western world.
And the diaspora is broader than any single faith. Punjabi is the heritage language of Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus and Christians alike. Britain's Pakistani-heritage community includes hundreds of thousands of West Punjabis with roots in Lahore, Faisalabad and Gujrat, just as Indian-Punjabi communities trace theirs to Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Amritsar. Two scripts, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi, one mother tongue.
Wherever they settled, Punjabis brought the same things: a gurdwara or temple, a langar hall feeding all comers, the sound of bhangra, and a deep work ethic rooted in the land. Scroll down to travel the world, community by community.
Waves of migration
Punjabi soldiers, police and labourers spread across the British Empire - to Hong Kong, Malaya and East Africa. Farmers crossed the Pacific to the west coast of North America, founding one of the United States' first gurdwaras in Stockton, California (1912). In 1914, the Komagata Maru ship of Punjabi migrants was turned away from Canada - a defining moment in diaspora history.
The division of British India split Punjab in two and displaced an estimated 10–15 million people across the new India–Pakistan border - one of the largest forced migrations in human history, and a wound the diaspora still carries.
Post-war Britain recruited Punjabi workers for its mills and foundries; Commonwealth migration brought hundreds of thousands to the UK and Canada. When Sikhs were expelled from East Africa (Uganda, 1972), many resettled in Britain, deepening communities in Southall, Birmingham and Leicester.
Labour shortages and relaxed policies opened Italy and Spain. Punjabi workers became the backbone of Italy's Po Valley dairy farms - the people who milk the cows behind Parmigiano and Grana cheese.
A new generation moved for study and skilled work - making Punjabi one of the fastest-growing languages in Canada, Australia and New Zealand - while large labour communities continue to live and work across the Gulf.
Around the world, country by country
The six communities that shaped the diaspora most - who arrived, when, and what they built once they got there.
Canada
Canada is home to the world's largest and most influential Punjabi community. From a few thousand in 1991, it has grown more than five-fold. Punjabi is now among the most spoken languages in the country, and Punjabi-Canadians hold prominent roles in politics, business and trucking.
The same census counted 771,790 Sikhs - 2.1% of Canada, and 5.9% of British Columbia. More than half of them live in just four cities: Brampton (163,260), Surrey (154,415), Calgary and Edmonton. Over half a million Canadians speak mainly Punjabi at home, and Punjabi is the third most spoken language in the House of Commons. A 2016 industry study put Punjabi drivers at roughly 18% of the country's 181,000 truckers - an entire industry reshaped by one community.
- Hubs: Brampton, Surrey, Calgary, Edmonton
- Sikhs (2021): 771,790
- British Columbia: 5.9% Sikh
- Punjabi at home: 520,000+
- Notable: Jagmeet Singh, Ujjal Dosanjh
United Kingdom
Britain's Punjabi community is among the oldest and most established in the West, with roots in post-war migration. Punjabi is widely cited as one of the most spoken languages in London. Crucially, the UK is the birthplace of modern bhangra - the sound that carried Punjabi music to the world.
The 2021 census puts hard numbers to it. Some 291,000 people in England and Wales gave Panjabi as their main language - the third most common after Polish and Romanian - and 524,000 recorded their religion as Sikh, up from 423,000 in 2011. The densest concentration is the West Midlands, where 1.4% of the whole region speaks it. Britain is also where the diaspora won its legal ground: the turban at work in 1969, the helmet exemption in 1976, and recognition as a protected ethnic group in 1983.
- Hubs: Southall, Birmingham, Leicester, Wolverhampton
- Main language (2021): 291,000
- Sikhs (2021): 524,000
- Legacy: birthplace of UK bhangra
United States
Punjabis were among the very first South Asians to reach America, arriving on the West Coast in the early 1900s to farm California's Central Valley - where the unique "Punjabi-Mexican" community took root. In 1956, Dalip Singh Saund was elected the first Asian American, and first Sikh, ever to sit in the US Congress.
The growth curve is the story: 19,298 Punjabi speakers in 1980, 110,254 by 2000, 318,588 by 2021 - sixteen-fold in forty years. The true community is larger still. The US census asks no religion question, so Sikh numbers are estimates; the Sikh Coalition puts the American Sikh population nearer 500,000.
- Hubs: Yuba City, Fresno, Bay Area, Central Valley
- 1980: 19,298 speakers
- 2021: 318,588 speakers
- Notable: Dalip Singh Saund (1956)
Australia
Punjabi is one of the fastest-growing languages in Australia, driven by student and skilled migration. The town of Woolgoolga in New South Wales - affectionately "Little Punjab" - has been a Sikh farming community since the mid-20th century, complete with one of the country's grandest gurdwaras.
"Fastest-growing" is not a figure of speech here: Punjabi speakers rose by 80% in the five years to 2021, the sharpest rise of any language in the country. Sikhism grew just as fast - 210,400 people, close to triple the 2011 count, making it Australia's fastest-growing and fifth-largest religion.
- Hubs: Melbourne, Sydney, Woolgoolga
- Sikhs (2021): 210,400
- Growth: +80% in five years
- Known as: "Little Punjab" (Woolgoolga)
Italy
Few people realise that the cheese on Italian tables often depends on Punjabi hands. Across the Po Valley, Punjabi workers are the backbone of the dairy industry behind Parmigiano-Reggiano and Grana Padano - milking the herds, keeping a centuries-old Italian tradition alive while building gurdwaras among the farms.
Nobody counts the workforce precisely, but reporting from Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy routinely credits Punjabi Sikh labour with a large share of it - figures as high as 60% of the hands behind Parmigiano-Reggiano are widely quoted. The community's centre is Novellara, settled from the early 1980s, where the annual Vaisakhi nagar kirtan is among the largest in Europe. It is also a community with a hard edge to its story: Italian unions and journalists have documented serious labour exploitation on the farms.
- Region: Po Valley (Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna)
- Industry: dairy & cheese
- Centre: Novellara, settled from the 1980s
West Punjab, abroad
Punjab is Pakistan's largest province and its largest source of migrants, yet West Punjabis are the hardest part of the diaspora to count: almost every census abroad records them as Pakistani rather than Punjabi. Britain's Pakistani-heritage population passed 1.66 million in 2021, and roughly a third of it is Punjabi by origin - families from Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujrat and Jhelum. Most of the remainder trace to Mirpur in Azad Kashmir, whose Pahari-Pothwari speech is a close cousin of Punjabi rather than the same language, and whose people identify as Kashmiri.
The larger movement runs east, not west. Some 3.85 million Pakistanis live and work across the Gulf, and Punjab sends more of them than any other province. In the 2025-26 financial year overseas Pakistanis sent home a record $41.6 billion - Saudi Arabia ($9.8bn) and the UAE ($8.8bn) supplying nearly half of it, and the UK a further $6.3bn. That money builds the same things Sikh remittances build on the other side of the border: houses, schools, hospitals, places of worship.
- Script: Shahmukhi
- UK Pakistani heritage: 1.66M
- In the Gulf: ~3.85M
- Hubs: Bradford, Birmingham, Dubai, Riyadh, Oslo
More communities, older than you think
Beyond the big five, Punjabi communities have deep roots on every continent - some older than the Western ones.
Punjabis arrived as soldiers and police under the British and stayed as traders, teachers and professionals. Singapore's Sikh community dates to the mid-1800s; Bangkok's Little India grew around Punjabi textile merchants. These are among the diaspora's oldest continuous communities.
Hundreds of thousands of Punjabis - Sikh, Muslim and Hindu alike - work across the Gulf in construction, transport and trade. Few settle permanently, but their remittances have built houses, schools and gurdwaras across Punjab itself. Dubai's Guru Nanak Darbar serves tens of thousands every week.
Punjabi craftsmen built the Uganda Railway in the 1890s and stayed to build East Africa's workshops and businesses. The 1972 expulsion from Uganda scattered a thriving community - many families in Britain today are "twice migrants" via Africa. Read their story →
From hawkers and dairy farmers a century ago - the Gill brothers arrived in 1890 - to New Zealand's fastest-growing religious community today: 53,406 Sikhs in the 2023 census, up 31% in five years, with gurdwaras from Auckland to Christchurch.
Agricultural work and open pathways drew Punjabi workers to Spain's greenhouses and Portugal's farms through the 2000s. Barcelona and Lisbon now have established gurdwaras and growing second generations.
Smaller but steadily growing communities anchor gurdwaras in Frankfurt, Amsterdam and Oslo - waypoints on a diaspora that now truly spans the continent.
The Punjabi capitals of the world
A handful of places so shaped by Punjabi life that the diaspora simply calls them its own.
Southall, London
Britain's most famous Punjabi high street since the 1950s - even the railway station signs are written in Gurmukhi.
Brampton, Ontario
Punjabi billboards, packed gurdwaras, and a Vaisakhi nagar kirtan among the largest anywhere outside Punjab.
Surrey, BC
Home to Vaisakhi gatherings that rank among the world's largest, drawing hundreds of thousands each April.
Yuba City, California
Heart of a century-old farming community; its November Nagar Kirtan is one of the largest Sikh gatherings in North America.
Birmingham & the Midlands
Generations of foundry and factory families - and the studios where UK bhangra was born.
Woolgoolga, NSW
Banana farms on the Pacific coast and one of the highest Sikh proportions of any town in Australia.
The Po Valley, Italy
Not one city but a whole region of farm towns where Punjabi hands keep Parmigiano and Grana alive.
Dubai
A diaspora of every faith on rotation between Punjab and the Gulf - and a gurdwara that feeds thousands daily.
Twelve figures worth knowing
Every number here comes from a national census or a named source, with the year it was measured. Together they say more about the diaspora than any single total can.
2.1% of the country - and 5.9% of British Columbia, where nearly one person in seventeen is Sikh.
The third most common main language after Polish and Romanian. Densest in the West Midlands, at 1.4% of the region.
Up from 423,000 a decade earlier - a community growing while Britain's religious affiliation overall falls.
In five years to 2021 - the fastest-growing language in the country. Sikhism nearly tripled over the decade.
Up 31% in five years, from 40,908 in 2018. New Zealand's fastest-growing religion two censuses running.
With 154,415 in Surrey, BC. More than half of all Canadian Sikhs live in just four cities.
Punjabi drivers, out of roughly 181,000 nationally - one community that quietly rerouted an entire industry.
More than half of Pakistan's overseas workforce. Punjab province sends more of them than any other.
The largest remittance flow to any country on earth - roughly twice second-placed Mexico.
A record year. Saudi Arabia ($9.8bn) and the UAE ($8.8bn) supplied nearly half of it; the UK $6.3bn.
Out of roughly 225,000 Indian students accepted in 2023. Punjabi families spent an estimated $3.7bn on that single year of study.
Western Punjabi alone now sits inside the ten most spoken languages on earth - before Eastern Punjabi is counted at all.
Not just how many - how they live
Population counts say where the diaspora went. These say what happened after it arrived: the houses, the degrees, the health, the households. Britain's statisticians published a dedicated study of Sikh life in 2023, which makes England and Wales the one place the diaspora can be seen in this much detail. Where a figure flatters the community it is here; where it does not, it is here too.
Against 62.7% of England and Wales. One generation from the foundries and the mills, home ownership runs fifteen points above the national rate.
Against 11.1% nationally - nearly three times the rate. The joint family did not stay behind in the village; it crossed with them.
Against 8.4% nationally. The other face of the same statistic: big households in housing stock built for small ones.
Against 12.6% nationally, with 21.2% in professional occupations. The corner-shop generation's children run the firm.
Against 33.8% nationally - but 22.5% hold no qualification at all, against 18.2%. A community stretched across both ends of the scale at once.
Against 17.5% nationally, with 84.9% reporting good or very good health against 82.0%. A markedly younger population explains much, though not all, of the gap.
Against 44.6% nationally, with 26.3% never married against 37.9%, and lower divorce rates at every age.
A third (34.1%) were born in India - and 2.5% each in Kenya and Afghanistan, the two communities this page records as scattered and as all but gone.
Which means more than a third are not - the clearest single number for why the Punjabi diaspora and the Sikh diaspora are not the same thing.
From 430,020 to 525,865 between 2011 and 2021, while England and Wales as a whole grew 6.3%.
Among 25-54 year olds, against 32% of the non-racialised, non-Indigenous population. Punjabi is the mother tongue of 754,745 of them.
South Asian graduates in Canada working in roles needing no more than high school, against 12% of the comparison group. The migration bargain, in one figure.
The British figures describe people who identified as Sikh in the 2021 census, which is the closest official proxy available for Punjabi life in Britain - not a count of Punjabis, and not a measure of the Pakistani-heritage Punjabis in the section above. The Canadian figures cover South Asians as a whole, the level Statistics Canada publishes at; Punjabi speakers are the largest single language group inside that total but not all of it. Australia's Sikh population has a median age of 30, against 38 for the country and 47 for its Christians - the youngest large faith community in the country.
More than migration - a living culture
The diaspora isn't only a story of numbers. It's the gurdwara that appears within a few years of any new Punjabi community - its langar hall feeding anyone who walks in. It's bhangra at a wedding in Vancouver and on the radio in London. It's a grandmother's recipes, a turban worn with pride at school, and a surname that carries a village's memory across an ocean.
Wherever Punjabis settle, three things travel with them: the language, the langar, and the dhol.
Every generation meets the same quiet question - how much of this can we hold onto? The food and the festivals usually survive. The language is often the first thing to fade. That is the single thread this whole site exists to help you keep: once you can read Gurmukhi and speak even a little, the rest of the inheritance opens back up.
Punjabi communities worldwide
Every community mapped above, with the latest available figure and the year it was recorded. Where a census counts Punjabis directly we use it; elsewhere the Sikh population is the best available proxy. Hover or tap the map for each source.
| Country | People | Measure | As of | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | 942,170 | Punjabi ancestry | 2021 | North America |
| United Kingdom | 700,000 | Punjabi origin (est.) | 2021 | Europe |
| United States | 318,588 | Punjabi speakers | 2021 | North America |
| Australia | 239,033 | Punjabi speakers | 2021 | Oceania |
| Italy | 220,000 | Sikhs | 2023 | Europe |
 Malaysia | 100,000 | Sikhs | 2011 | Asia |
 Thailand | 70,000 | Sikhs | 2006 | Asia |
 New Zealand | 53,406 | Sikhs | 2023 | Oceania |
 United Arab Emirates | 52,000 | Sikhs | 2022 | Middle East |
 Portugal | 35,000 | Sikhs | 2020 | Europe |
 Oman | 33,704 | Punjabi ancestry | 2020 | Middle East |
 France | 30,000 | Sikhs | 2017 | Europe |
 Philippines | 28,436 | Sikhs | 2020 | Asia |
 Spain | 26,000 | Sikhs | 2018 | Europe |
 Germany | 25,000 | Sikhs | 2020 | Europe |
 Kenya | 21,000 | Sikhs | 2013 | Africa |
 Greece | 20,000 | Sikhs | 2012 | Europe |
 Kuwait | 15,000 | Sikhs | 2021 | Middle East |
 Netherlands | 15,000 | Sikhs | 2020 | Europe |
 Indonesia | 15,000 | Sikhs | 2009 | Asia |
 South Africa | 13,000 | Sikhs | 2020 | Africa |
 Singapore | 12,051 | Sikhs | 2020 | Asia |
 Hong Kong | 12,000 | Sikhs | 2021 | Asia |
 Belgium | 10,000 | Sikhs | 2020 | Europe |
 Austria | 10,000 | Sikhs | 2020 | Europe |
 Fiji | 9,300 | Punjabi ancestry | 2020 | Oceania |
 Saudi Arabia | 6,700 | Punjabi migrants | 2021 | Middle East |
 Norway | 5,000 | Sikhs | 2020 | Europe |
 Uganda | 2,400 | Sikhs | 2021 | Africa |
 Ireland | 2,173 | Sikhs | 2022 | Europe |
 Tanzania | 2,000 | Sikhs | 2020 | Africa |
 Afghanistan | ~50 | Sikhs | 2023 | Asia |
Afghanistan's community numbered an estimated 200,000-500,000 in the 1970s; East Africa's communities were far larger before the expulsions and emigration of the 1960s-70s. Totals for the Gulf are hard to pin down because Punjabis there are largely labour migrants of several faiths.
The road out of Punjab
Sixty-two moments across five centuries - from Guru Nanak walking to Baghdad, to a stadium in Vancouver. The departures, the doors that closed, the hard-won firsts. Gold markers are the dates the diaspora still measures itself by; many are stories you can read in full on this site.
What the diaspora has given the world
A small homeland with an outsized footprint - in politics, culture, food and service.
Politics & public life
From Dalip Singh Saund - the first Asian American in the US Congress - to a wave of Punjabi-origin party leaders, premiers, MPs and cabinet ministers across Canada and the UK.
Music that went global
Reinvented in 1980s Britain, bhangra turned a Punjabi harvest dance into a worldwide sound - and Punjabi is now among the most-streamed music on earth.
Food & farming
Punjabi farmers sustain Italy's cheese industry, California's orchards, and Canada's agriculture and transport - feeding nations far from home.
Words the diaspora lives by
Eight words every Punjabi family abroad knows in its bones. Tap to hear them.
The ancestral village - the place your family is from, even three generations later.
"Abroad" - historically Britain. To go vailait was the great family dream.
Foreign land - the word every migration song aches with.
Of the homeland - the food, the music, the way of doing things.
The uncles - shorthand for the whole extended family network abroad.
Roots. What grandparents fear the children will lose.
The free kitchen that appears wherever ten Punjabi families settle.
Rising spirits - the diaspora's default setting through every hardship.
The three-generation question
Every diaspora language faces the same arithmetic: the grandparents speak it, the parents understand it, and the children answer in English. Linguists call it the three-generation shift, and it is the quiet crisis behind every statistic on this page. The gurdwara Punjabi schools, the Sunday classes, the radio stations and the lullabies are all fighting the same fight.
The hopeful news: heritage languages come back when the third generation chooses them. Punjabi music's global rise has made the language cool in a way schoolbooks never could - and choosing to learn is exactly how the thread holds. That is what this site is for.
Tip: the 🗣 Say it button in the menu above gives you any word or phrase on this site, instantly, with audio.
Frequently asked questions
How many Punjabis live outside Punjab?
At least 3 million across the major overseas communities counted on this page - and considerably more if every person of Punjabi descent is included, since many censuses count language or religion rather than ancestry, and Pakistani-heritage Punjabi communities are often recorded under national rather than ethnic labels.
Which country has the largest Punjabi community?
Canada, with 942,170 people reporting Punjabi ancestry in the 2021 census - about 2.6% of the entire country. The United Kingdom is second with an estimated 700,000, and holds the oldest large Western community.
Why are there so many Punjabis in Canada?
A century of chain migration: pioneers reached British Columbia in the early 1900s, families followed through Commonwealth migration after the 1960s, and Canada's points and student pathways since the 2000s turned a community into a heartland. Once gurdwaras, employers and extended families are established, each wave makes the next one easier.
Why do Punjabis run Italy's dairy farms?
Italian dairy work is skilled, relentless, seven-days-a-week labour - and from the 1980s Punjabi migrants, many from farming families themselves, took it on as Italians left the barns. Today Punjabi workers are widely credited as the backbone of the Po Valley herds behind Parmigiano-Reggiano and Grana Padano.
Is the Punjabi diaspora the same as the Sikh diaspora?
No - they overlap but are not identical. Sikhs form the majority of most overseas communities from Indian Punjab, which is why Sikh population figures are used as a proxy in several countries on this page. But Punjabi is equally the mother tongue of millions of Muslims, Hindus and Christians - including much of Britain's Pakistani-heritage community.
Where is "Little Punjab"?
Several places have earned the name: Southall in London, Woolgoolga in Australia, and increasingly Brampton in Canada. That three towns on three continents share the nickname says everything about how far the culture has travelled.
Which city outside Punjab has the most Punjabis?
Brampton, Ontario, on the current census evidence: 163,260 residents recorded their religion as Sikh in 2021, with Surrey, British Columbia close behind at 154,415. Adding Calgary and Edmonton, those four cities hold more than half of all Sikhs in Canada. Counting Punjabis of every faith, greater London and greater Birmingham are also in this bracket - but Britain's census records language and religion rather than Punjabi ancestry, so no clean city figure exists.
Where do Pakistani Punjabis migrate to?
Overwhelmingly to the Gulf, and then to Britain. Around 3.85 million Pakistanis live and work in the Gulf states - more than half the country's overseas workforce - and Punjab province sends more of them than any other. Britain's Pakistani-heritage population passed 1.66 million in 2021, roughly a third of it Punjabi by origin, with the remainder largely Mirpuri from Azad Kashmir. Norway, Denmark and Spain also have long-standing Pakistani Punjabi communities.
Is Punjabi growing or shrinking outside Punjab?
Both, and that is the whole story. Headcounts are rising fast - Punjabi speakers in Australia grew 80% in the five years to 2021, New Zealand's Sikh population 31% in the five years to 2023 - because migration keeps adding first-generation speakers. But within families already settled, the language usually thins across three generations: grandparents speak it, parents understand it, children answer in English. Growth by arrival, loss by generation.
Are Punjabis abroad well off?
On the measures national statisticians publish, the settled Western communities do well. In England and Wales, 77.7% of Sikh households own their home against 62.7% nationally, 14.1% work as managers or directors against 12.6%, and 36.7% hold a degree against 33.8%. But the same census records 22.5% with no qualifications at all, against 18.2% nationally, and 14.9% living in overcrowded housing against 8.4% - so the community sits at both ends of the scale rather than in the middle of it. In Canada, 58% of South Asians aged 25 to 54 hold a degree against 32% of the non-racialised population, yet 29% of those graduates work in jobs requiring no more than high school, against 12%. Prosperity and under-employment in the same generation.
Do Punjabi families abroad still live together?
Far more than their neighbours do. Nearly 30% of Sikh households in England and Wales are multi-generational, against 11.1% across the population as a whole - grandparents, parents and children under one roof, close to three times the national rate. Marriage rates are higher too: 61% of Sikh adults are married against 44.6% nationally, with lower divorce rates at every age. The joint family survived the journey more intact than the language did.
Keep going
Six more data pages, every figure sourced and dated the same way as this one.
Census data from both Punjabs, the falling share nobody explains, and why published totals differ by 60 million.
Population by country, plus the turban, kirpan and beard in law - with the case or statute behind each one.
Both Punjabs side by side - land, people, wheat, water and debt, and why the young keep leaving.
The refugee flows in both directions, and every death-toll estimate with the method that produced it.
95 surnames, their clans and regions - and why a British Punjabi surname list looks nothing like a Canadian one.
The institution every community builds first - how many there are, the first on each continent, and the langar arithmetic.
This is your inheritance
Wherever your family's journey took them, the language and culture are still yours to claim. Start learning today - it's the thread that ties the whole diaspora together.
Figures reviewed 2026. Where a national census records Punjabis directly we use it - Canada (2021, Punjabi ancestry and Sikh religion), the United States (2021 ACS, Punjabi spoken at home), England and Wales (2021 ONS, main language and religion), Australia (2021 ABS), New Zealand (2023 Stats NZ), Ireland (2022) and Singapore (2020). Elsewhere the figure shown is the Sikh population, the best available proxy since Sikhs form the large majority of most overseas Punjabi communities; those numbers are secondary estimates compiled from community sources rather than official counts, and should be read as indicative only. Remittance figures come from the Reserve Bank of India (2024) and the State Bank of Pakistan (FY2025-26); Gulf workforce and Italian dairy figures are estimates from press and industry reporting, and are flagged as such where they appear. The housing, education, occupation, health and household figures come from the Office for National Statistics release Sikh identity, England and Wales: Census 2021, which describes people who identified as Sikh rather than Punjabis as such; the Canadian education and under-employment figures are from Statistics Canada's Portrait of the South Asian Populations in Canada (2025, on 2021 census data) and cover South Asians as a whole, not Punjabis alone. Both limits are stated again where those figures appear. Each community's exact measure, year and source is shown when you hover or tap it on the map. Diaspora totals vary with how communities are defined and counted, and Gulf figures in particular are uncertain.